10/11/2017

Επιστημονικές μελέτες

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Επιστημονικές έρευνες υποστηρίζουν την αποτελεσματικότητα της μεθόδου Feldenkrais, σε διαφορετικούς περιπτώσεις όπωςτης μεθόδου rough movement theα φορετικτώσετωσιες:

Χρόνιος πόνος
Ασθενείς με χρόνιο πόνο που συμμετείχαν σε ομαδικά μαθήματα διάρκειας έξι εβδομάδων, έδειξαν σημαντική αύξηση της κινητικότητας και σημαντική μείωση του πόνου αμέσως μετά τα μαθήματα- αλλά και σε επανεκτίμηση μετά από έναν χρόνο.

Dearman, D. and Shafarman, S. The Feldenkrais Method in the Treatment Awareness Through Movement of Chronic Pain: A Study of Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness. American Journal of Pain Management, 1999; 9:22-27.
Phipps, A. and Lopez, Ron. A functional Outcome Study on the Use of Movement Re-Education in Chronic Pain Management. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Physical Therapy, Forest Grove, Oregon. May, 1997.

Εγκεφαλικό επεισόδιο
Ασθενείς μετά από εγκεφαλικό, με χρόνια νευρολογικά προβλήματα αξιολογήθηκαν πριν και μετά από πρόγραμμα έξι εβδομάδων μαθημάτων Feldenkrais: παρατηρήθηκε βελτίωση ισορροπίας, βελτίωση δυναμικού δείκτη βάδισης και οφέλη στην λειτουργική κινητικότητα.

Effects of Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement on Balance in Adults With Chronic Neurological Deficits Following Stroke: A Preliminary Study Glenna Batson, PT, MA.

Ισορροπία
Μελέτη σε γυναίκες μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας έδειξε βελτίωση ισορροπίας, βελτίωση στην ταχύτητα βάδισης, στον χρόνο κίνησης και ταχύτερη διόρθωση της ισορροπίας. Επίσης οι συμμετέχουσες ανέφεραν μεγαλύτερη αυτοπεποίθηση και σταθερότητα.

Hall, S.E., Criddle, A., Ring, A., Bladen, C., Tapper, J., Yin, R., Cosgrove, A., Hu, Yu-Li. Study of the effects of various forms of exercise on balance in older women. Unpublished Manuscript Healthway Starter Grant, File #7672, Dept of Rehabilitation, Sir Charles Gardner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, 1999.

Τραυματισμοί
Τα μαθήματα Feldenkrais βοήθησαν τους ασθενείς να σχηματίσουν ωφέλιμα και προσαρμοστικά μοτίβα κίνησης κατα τη διάρκεια ανάρρωσής τους, όπως επίσης λειτούργησαν αποτρεπτικά προς την ανάπτυξη προστατευτικών αλλά ακατάλληλων κινητικών συνηθειών μετά από τραυματισμούς.

Chinn, J., Trujillo, D., Kegerreis, S., Worrell, T. Effect of a Feldenkrais Intervention on Symptomatic Subjects Performing a Functional Reach. Isokinetics and Exercise Science. 1994, 4(4): 131-136.

Ινομυαλγία
Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν πως οι ασθενείς μπορούσαν να κινηθούν ευκολότερα, πιο αποτελεσματικά και με λιγότερη προσπάθεια αφού είχαν μάθει πώς να διοργανώνουν την βιομηχανική της κίνησής τους στη διάρκεια 15 εβδομάδων με ατομικές συνεδρίες Feldenkrais. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση των μαθημάτων (αμέσως μετά και επίσης έξι μήνες μετά) αναφέρθηκε βελτίωση της ισορροπίας, της στάσης σώματος και του βηματισμού. Επίσης αναφέρθηκε ελάττωση του πόνου, περισσότερος ύπνος και ελάττωση της κόπωσης.

Dean, J. R., Yuen, S. A. & Barrows, SA. "Effects of a Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement Sequence on Fibromyalgia Patients".
Kendall, S. A. Ekselius, L. Gerdle, B., Soren, B., Bengtsson, A. Feldenkrais intervention in fibromyalgia patients: a pilot study. J. Musculoskeletal Pain. 9(4):25-35, 2001.

Πολλαπλή σκλήρυνση (Multiple Sclerosis)
Σε έρευνα με ασθενείς MS που παρακολούθησαν ομαδικά μαθήματα Feldenkrais βελτιώθηκαν: η σταθερότητα και άνεση στις καθημερινές κινήσεις, η αυτοεκτίμηση και η συνολική ποιότητα ζωής.

Σε άλλη μελέτη, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν σημαντική βελτίωση στο τεστ CTSIB και βελτίωσαν την ισορροπία και την αυτοπεποίθηση. Ο Feldenkrais τρόπος κινητικής μάθησης μπορεί να είναι αποτελεσματικός στην βελτίωση ποικίλων σωματικών και ψυχολογικών παραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με την ισορροπία και τον έλεγχο της στάσης του σώματος σε ασθενείς με πολλαπλή σκλήρυνση.

Bost, H., Burges, S., Russell, R., Ruttinger, H. and Schlafke, U. Feldstudie zur wiiksamkeit der Feldenkrais-Method bei MS - Betroffenen. Deutche Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft. Saarbrucken, German, 1994.
Stephens, J., DuShuttle, D., Hatcher, C., Shmunes, J., Slaninka, C. Use of Awareness Through Movement improves balance and balance confidence in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled study. Neurology Report 25(2):39-49, 2001.

Οσφυαλγία
Μετά από τέσσερεις συνεδρίες, το 76% των συμμετεχόντων με οσφυϊκό πόνο βελτιώθηκε και γύρισε στις φυσιολογικές δραστηριότητες. Όλοι είχαν δοκιμάσει ποικιλία θεραπειών χωρίς επιτυχία και όλοι ένιωθαν δυσφορία, περιορισμό και ακαμψία πριν από αυτές τις συνεδρίες.

Lake, Bernard. Photoanalysis of Standing Posture in Controls and Low Back Pain: Effects of Kinesthetic Processing (Feldenkrais Method) in Posture and Gait: Control Mechanisms VII. eds. M Woollocott and F Horak, U of Oregon Press, 1992, pp 400- 403.

Πόνος στον αυχένα και τους ώμους

Τριάντα εργαζόμενες πήραν μέρος σε μελέτη για τον πόνο στον αυχένα και τους ώμους, συμμετέχοντας σε ομαδικά μαθήματα Feldenrkais διάρκειας έξι εβδομάδων. Τα αποτελέσματα περιλάμβαναν αυξημένο εύρος κίνησης στην κάμψη του αυχένα, σημαντικές θετικές αλλαγές στους δείκτες αυχένα-ώμων και μείωση στις ενοχλήσεις στον αυχένα και στους ώμους.

Lundblad, I., Elert, J., Gerdle, B. Randomized controlled trial of physiotherapy and Feldenkrais interventions in female workers with neck-shoulder complaints. J. Occupat Rehab 9(3): 179-94, 1999.
Ruth, S., Kegerreis, S. Facilitating Cervical Flexion Using a Feldenkrais Method Awareness Through Movement. J Sports Phys Ther.16(1): 25-29, 1992.

Αρθρίτιδα
Περιπτώσεις ατόμων με ρευματοειδή αρθρίτιδα έδειξαν αύξηση στην ταχύτητα βάδισης και 30% μείωση στην ένταση του πόνου.
Εικοσιένα άτομα με ρευματοειδή αρθρίτιδα εξετάστηκαν μετά από μια σειρά ομαδικών μαθημάτων (Awareness Through Movement). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν σημαντική αλλαγή στην μυϊκή δραστηριότητα και στην αίσθηση της καταβαλλόμενης προσπάθειας. Δύο χρόνια μετά, μεγάλο ποσοστό των ατόμων εξακολουθούσε να διατηρεί υψηλότερα επίπεδα λειτουργικότητας, να χρησιμοποιεί τις ικανότητες που έμαθε στα μαθήματα Feldenkrais και να ωφελείται στο πρόβλημα του πόνου.

Narula, M., Jackson, O., Kulig, K. The Effects of Six Week of Feldenkrais Method on Selected Functional Parameters in a Subject with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Physical Therapy 72: (suppl.) S86,1992.
Narula, M. Effect of Six Weeks of Awareness Through Movement Lessons on Selected Functional Movements Parameters in Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis (A Pilot Study Using Single Subject Case Study Design). Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Exercise Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI: 1993.

Πάρκινσον
Η έγκαιρη παρέμβαση είναι σημαντική και μπορεί να καθυστερήσει την ανάγκη φαρμακευτικής παρέμβασης. Η μελέτη δείχνει ότι υπάρχουν οφέλη από την μυοσκελετική ευλυγισία, την ευθυγράμμιση και την λειτουργική κίνηση. Επίσης δείχνει βελτίωση στην ισορροπία, τον βηματισμό, την λειτουργική κίνηση.

Shenkman, M., Donovan, J., Tsubota, J., Kluss, M., Stebbins, P., Butler, R. Management of Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: Rationale and Case Studies. Physical Therapy 69: 944-955, 1989.
Wendell, L. L. Some effects of the Feldenkrais Method on Parkinson's symptoms and function. Unpublished case study by L. L. Wendell client and Marilyn Johnson, Feldenkrais Practitioner. June 2000.

Κινητικότητα ηλικιωμένων
Μελέτη σε ομάδα 31 ηλικιωμένων που παρακολούθησαν μαθήματα Feldenkrais ανέλυσε στοιχεία για την βάδιση και για την μετάβαση από το πάτωμα στην όρθια στάση. Παρατηρήθηκε βελτιώση του συντονισμού της μετάβασης, βελτίωση ζωτικότητας και την πνευματικής υγείας. Η μέθοδος Feldenkrais αποδείχτηκε αποτελεσματική στην βελτίωση του συντονισμού, της κινητικότητας, της οικονομίας στην κίνηση και την ποιότητα ζωής των ηλικιωμένων.

James Stephens, Christopher Pendergast, Beth Ann Roller, Robert Scott Weiskittel. Learning to Improve Mobility and Quality of Life in a Well Elderly Population: The Benefits of Awareness Through Movement. IFF Academy Feldenkrais Research Journal.

Διατροφικές διαταραχές
Τα μαθήματα Feldenkrais βελτίωσαν την αυτοπεποίθηση σε ασθενείς με διατροφικές διαταραχές. Οι ασθενείς βίωσαν αυξημένο αίσθημα ικανοποίησης σχετικά με την υγεία τους, συνοδευόμενο από μείωση του αισθήματος ανικανότητας.

Laumer, U., Bauer, M., Fichter, M., Milz, H. (in German. Title translation: Therapeutic effects of the Feldenkrais Method Awareness Through Movement in Patients with Eating Disorders). Psychother. Psychosom Med Psychol 1997, May; 47(5):170-80.

Ευλυγισία
Μια μελέτη για την κάμψη του αυχένα σε φυσιολογικά άτομα, έδειξε σημαντική αύξηση στον βαθμό κάμψης μετά από ένα μάθημα Feldenkrais μιας ώρας, καθώς και σημαντικά θετικές αλλαγές της μυικής δραστηριότητας στον κορμό.

Ruth, S., Kegerreis, S. Facilitating Cervical Flexion Using Feldenkrais Method: Awareness Through Movement. JOSPT Vol 16 No 1: July 1992.
Brown, E., Kegerreis. Electromyographic Activity of Trunk Musculature During a Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement Lesson. Isokinetics and Exercise Science Vol 1 No 4, 1991.
Πηγή: https://www.thefeldenkraisstore.com/about-research-on-the-feldenkrais-method.html

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26/4/2017

Felden-WHAT?

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Felden-WHAT?
By Lawrence Wm. Goldfarb

It was about to happen; that moment, that dreaded moment. I was at my friend Marcello's birthday party, enjoying the Brazilian music when one of the other guests engaged me in a friendly conversation. We discussed the usual things, such as the weather and how we each knew the guest of honor. Peter had just finished telling me about his research in engineering when it happened:
“What do you do for a living?"

“I'm a Feldenkrais® teacher."

“Felden-what?"

“Feldenkrais. It is a method of movement re-education, named after the man who developed it, Moshe Feldenkrais."

“Felden-Christ?"

“Close, but not quite. It's Feldenkrais: F — E — L — D — E — N — K — R — A — I — S. It rhymes with rice."

“Feldenkrais?"

“Exactly. The Feldenkrais Method® is a way to teach movement. I work with people who have physical limitations, such as chronic pain or neurological problems, or with people who want to improve their performance, like actors, musicians, or athletes. I also teach classes in the physical education program at the University."

“What do you teach?"

“Usually students come to me because they are experiencing some kind of limitation, something that is interfering with their daily life or obstructing progress or performance. My job is to figure out how they are moving, how that relates to the problem they are experiencing, and how they could move differently enough so that the problem can't continue."

“Sounds interesting. Is it some kind of exercise? Or do you show people how to correct their posture?”

“Well, it's not that easy to answer, mostly because what I teach, and how I teach, is pretty different from exercise or posture. Both of these are based on similar assumptions: If you are weak, then you should exercise to strengthen your muscles. If, on the other hand you think bad posture causes your problem, then you should correct it and stand up straight. Both assume that the body is some-thing that must be molded, reshaped, put in its proper place. Neither gives you the chance to see that what you are doing might contribute to the problem you face. Neither approach looks at how you move and how that could relate to the problem you’re experiencing.”

“Are you saying that people shouldn't exercise?”

“No. I'm not saying that. I am saying that exercise alone isn't enough. The idea behind exercise is that you are not strong enough, that your muscles need to be in better condition. So an exercise program is designed to increase the ability of muscles to work. I think this is often a mistaken view, because the problems that I deal with—chronic pain, neurological difficulties, obstacles to performance—do not have to do with how strong the person is, they all have to do with the way someone moves. I guess you could say, I am interested in people moving smarter, not stronger.”

“Are you saying that movement can cause problems?”

“Yes, that’s close to what I am saying. The way you move can lead to problems. What's more interesting is that you can be unaware that the movement is at the root of the problem.”

“Oh, so people might think that their problems are caused by not being strong enough or by being damaged, when actually it is a result of how they are moving? And we are not aware of this?”

“Yes, most of us are unaware of how we move. We pay attention to where we’re going or what we are doing, not to how we move. For example, think about how you stand up from sitting. How do you do it? What happens? What moves when?”

Peter stands up and sits back down a few times, saying,
"I see what you mean. It is more complex than I expected. Usually, I think of standing up and then, next thing I know, I am standing. I guess I have never thought much about it before.”

“That's what I mean. Most of us don't think about our bodies until we experience pain or some kind of problem. But that means that we could have been moving in an inefficient or dangerous way for a long time by the time we notice something is wrong. This is one place where the saying 'If it works, don't fix it' doesn't apply.”

“But why is that? Why don't we notice?”

“Because our movements become habitual, automatic. We repeat the same movements over and over, without thinking or noticing. When something happens repeatedly, it drops from our consciousness. This isn't necessarily bad, it is a part of the process of learning.”

“Does that mean we learn to move in inefficient ways?”

“Yes.”

“Why?”

“Well, because we move only as well as we've learned to move and that learning process is pretty haphazard. There are many things that influence how we move: childhood development, accommodations to previous injuries, and the requirements of specialized activities we engage in (such as sports, musical instruments, or work motions). Finally, since we don't really understand how our bodies move, we often move in ways that don't fit with the way we are put together.”

“Can you give me an example?”

“Sure. People think that the body hinges at the waist and they move as if that were so. Unfortunately, the lower back does not allow for that kind of motion; the design of hip joints is what allows the torso to bend forward and back. The muscles of the back are not designed for that movement. Interestingly enough, this is region where most people hurt their backs. ”

“I see. Moving as if your back were made to hinge at the waist can lead to back strain and pain.”

“That's it; you understand. But, anyway, I have taken enough of your time with this. Sorry, I can get carried away talking about my work.”

“Not at all, this is very interesting. It sure beats the normal party chatter. My mom has had chronic back pain for years, so I'm curious about your work. I was going to ask you what you could do for her.”

“It's not easy to say because I would have to see how she moves.”

“Can you say generally what you do when you start working with someone?”

“Yes, I can describe what would happen if your mom were to come to see me. I would begin by looking at her move, asking her to turn right and left, bend forward, back and to each side. I would put my hands on her to feel which muscles were working, which muscles weren't engaging, and which ones weren't letting go. I would look for some kind of habit or pattern that interferes with other movements.”

“You lost me there. What do you mean when you say a pattern that interferes with other movements?”

“I mean that it often seems as if people have gotten stuck doing a movement or holding themselves, unconsciously, in certain way. For instance, if you injure your leg, you change how you walk and you begin to limp. The limp may be appropriate immediately after an injury, but it can last much longer than the injury. If it continues longer than it's needed, it can lead directly to pain, stiffness, and other problems. But that's just one example; you can limp with your shoulder, your neck, or your back. Indeed, you don't have to injure yourself to develop this kind of movement. You can acquire a similar habit playing a musical instrument, repeating work movements day in and day out, playing certain sports, and so on. The key is that you develop a movement pattern you get stuck with, a pattern that underlies every movement and interferes with any activity that runs counter to it.”

“Go on.”

“For instance, I was recently working with a bus driver who had recurring back pain. When I looked at her movement, it became quite clear that the muscles of the lower trunk were chronically contracted and that her back was locked stiff. Even when she tried to stretch, she could not get her lower back to let go. It was as if she had lost control of those muscles. She thought her back was supposed to be straight, so after her first bout of back pain, many years earlier, she taught herself to keep her back flat. When she moved her trunk, she overused the muscles of her upper back, so they had begun to hurt constantly. Though the doctor could find no disease, the bus driver still thought something was wrong with her spine. I could help her see that it was her movement that was causing the problem.”

“Once she saw that, could she change what she was doing?”

“Not immediately. You see, over the years, she had lost touch with what those muscles were doing. It was as if she was on automatic pilot and she had forgotten how to regain manual control.”

“So what do you do about that? I think it would be incredibly frustrating to understand the cause of the problem and not be able to do anything about it.”

“That's where the method comes into play. There are two ways in which I work with people: in hands-on individual lessons and in group lessons. Both ways of working are based on the idea of teaching people to be aware of how they are moving, how they can move, and to increase their options and comfort. During the group lessons, I talk people through a sequence of gentle movements; during the individual lessons, I use my hands to move the student.”

“Does it hurt?”

“Not at all. Feldenkrais is gentle. The idea is that you will change most easily if the new movements are more comfortable than the old ones. I like to say that our motto is ‘No pain, MORE gain.’ ”

“Is this like massage or chiropractic?”

“No. The one similarity is that we touch people, but beyond that the Feldenkrais Method® is very different. In massage, the practitioner is working directly with the muscles, in chiropractic, with the bones. Feldenkrais is about working with your ability to regulate and coordinate your movement; that means that Feldenkrais is about working with the nervous system and the coordination of movement.”

“What do you mean?”

“Well, remember the bus driver I mentioned. Her muscles were tight because her nervous system told them to contract. They didn't decide to tighten on their own, muscles don't think for themselves. The brain tells them what to do. So my job is to help my student learn to control her or his muscles again. I do that using very gentle guided movements, staying in the range of ease at all times.”

“Pretty amazing. You really think people can change without hurting?”

“Absolutely. That's one of the reasons I love what I do.”

“But wait, my mom has some kind of problem with her discs. Would Feldenkrais cure her?”

“Feldenkrais isn't about curing or fixing people. It isn't a medical treatment, it's an educational approach. It's about helping people get control back into their lives by understanding why they feel the way they do and by learning how to move differently so that they don't have to keep feeling that way. Even when people have an organic problem or disease, I can often help them deal with how they respond to the problem. For instance, when I work with people who have arthritis, my job isn't to get rid of the disease. In this case, my job is to help them move so that they don't stress the effected joints and so that they can find more comfortable, safer, ways to do what they want to do. Same thing applies to disc problems—even when there is a structural problem—the question is how can the person move in a better way, so that they increase their comfort and avoid or minimize future problems.”

“Oh, oh. They are lighting the candles. Can we talk more after the festivities . . . ”

Feldenkrais®, Feldenkrais Method®, Functional Integration®, and Awareness Through Movement® are registered service marks; and Guild Certified Feldenkrais Practitioner® and Guild Certified Feldenkrais Teacher® are certification marks of The FELDENKRAIS GUILD of North America and many other Feldenkrais professional organizations around the world.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

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